The Concept of Information :: Exploratory Research

The Concept of trainingThere is such(prenominal) a point of view that information is an abstract whole as an invariant of informational processes. Information consists of object, procedural and morphological components.We have an opportunity to consider that information consists of object and procedural components. So we have the relation-functional concept of information.Information has such attributes as syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. These attributes are relational definitions. Semantics and pragmatics are considered to be external features (characteristics) of the definite syntactics. Information may be considered as an universal property of matter (attributive concept) or as a property of self-managing (cybernetic) system (functional concept).Then we dope not get a full understanding of information, universal and flexible enough. So it is inevitable to widen and develop the definition of information.There are two basic ways of unification of any concept a) abstractin g, b) integration.The classical theory of information and cybernetics use the first - abstracting. It doer the volume (demanded place) expressed by the quantity of bites. It is a quantity of information.The semiotics used the second way. It means the sign system (sign), the unity of three attributes - syntactic, semantics and pragmatics.In this work integration (abstracting) concept of information is offered. For the final description, we said that information is consist of 1) object (attributive), 2) procedural (functional) and 3) morphological (structural) components.We essential offer two definitions for further developing the concept of information.These are a message and a language. Language is a sign system with alphabet, vocabulary and grammar. centre is a definite construction in a definite language.Any language is an interface (means of interaction) between users (communication function) or between users and environment. Exchange of information is possible by plunge into definite surroundings - own language of this message. Any message is a set of signs without such a plunge. So information can not exist in a pure state, without physical bearer. We also point out that information can exist as messages. Information may be extracted from messages.Thus we say object component is realized by messages, procedural component is realized by grammar, morphological is realized by material bearers.We may examine information as a unit with two components object and procedural. Then we have a relation concept of information. It means a ratio between properties of the object, which consist of tables and charts. The second concept is a set of specific procedures.We may use a philosophical concept of information.

Uncle Toms Cabin Essay examples -- Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Few books can truly be said to have change the course of history, and even fewer can be said to have swallowed an entire war. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one such novel. It is a realistic, although fictional find of slavery, that burned into the consciousness of America the images of brutal beatings and unfair slave practices. Uncle Toms Cabin helped to turn the tide of public opinion against slavery in the 19th century. This polemic novel was initially written to question slavery and to convince people of its immorality. It was the first book that brought the problem of slavery in America to the attention of the world. It became non only a bestseller, but a social documentary of the lives of slaves. The closest parallel to the success of Uncle Toms Cabin was Sinclairs The Jungle, but even The Jungle did not start an entire war.The main characters in this story are Uncle Tom, Eliza and George Harris. Uncle Tom is a good man, trustworthy, a model slav e. He refused to make trouble, and is accepting of an institution he cannot change. A very spiritual person, Uncle Tom tries his best to obey the Bible and to do what is right. He is the figure meant to show the good of man, and how that good was trampled by an unfair institution. Eliza is a beautiful slave owned by George Shelby, Sr., the same person who owns Tom. Eliza has a son, Harry. Elizas husband, George Harris, lives on a nearby plantation. George is a ...

Donatello :: Biography

Donatello was born in Florence, Italy in1386. The full name of Donatello is Donato di Niccolo di Belto Bardi (Donatello equation 1, 2, 3). His pascal was a wool comber (Donatello par 1, 2). There was not much information found on his mom. He had a first job and that in the shop of Lerenzo Ghilberti, a gothic sculptor, between 1404 and 1407(Donatello par 1, 2, 3). After that job he worked at a Florence Cathedral in 1407. At the Cathedral he beautify tombs and pulpits and make portrait busts and monuments (Donatello par 1, 2). An inspiration for his work was by ancient visual examples (Donatello par 1). He achieved his full intensity in the beginning of the fifteenth century (Donatello par 1, 2, and 3). In the later part of his life he studied Roman Ruins and became a Humanist (Blood par 1).In Donatellos life sentence he had many accomplishments weather it was sculpting or just huge achievements. Donatello sent a while on his famous sculptor, Saint George, which was sculpted from 14 16 to about 1420(ward par 2, 3, 4). 1428 was when the town put up a ancient Roman Pillar in the market place and that they asked him to make a statue because they believed he was the best sculptor(Morley 13,18). whizz of the monuments he created was Padua and he created that between 1443 and 1453. A well know sculptor of his was the statue Zuccone which people say showed the effective use of realism(Ward par 2,3,4).Donatello created many bronze sculptures. A huge achievement was his gilt bronze Herods feast. Another gilt bronze he made was St. Louis of Toulouse sculpture. One huge milestone was he made the first freestanding bronze naked bronze sculpture (Lewine par 2, 4). He designed twin bronze pulpit for San Lorenzo. The most important bronze sculpture was David was his first free-standing nude statue of the renaissance (Donatello par 2, 4).A huge famous sculpture he did was Gattamelata. That statue was supposed to represent a no swayer (Donatello par 2, 4). His statue called St . George was so good that even Michelangelo complemented it (Hale 109). John Pope Henessy, a great author, he noted that he was one of the greatest sculptors that ever lived. adjacent his sculptor called St. Gorge, he made St.Gorge and the dragon. St George was his first attempt at portraying a three dimensional scene on a flat bulge (Donatello par 5, 7).

Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

It is known that in literature, a tragedy is one of the most popular genres. It always combines some story which discusses human sufferings with a genuine sense of audience fulfillment. The roots of the tragedy are related to ancient Greece. A Greek tragedy is a sad story, which represents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, epoch the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Millers play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to the decision to commit suicide because of hard financial problems of his family (Phelps 79). This play has already been critici zed by a number of literary critics who represented different opinions on the plot of the book. The major goal of this paper is to critically evaluate the play Death of a Salesman written by the well-known American writer Arthur Miller, paying special attention to the plays characteristics of a tragedy.In the play Death of a Salesman, the author investigates human nature and represents his main character as a person whose dissatisfaction with his own life leads to his tragic end. The plot of this literary work is rather simple. The play consists of two acts. In the first act, Willy Loman, the main character of Millers play returns home from impertinent York. It is found that his goal was to travel to Boston, but he could not achieve this goal and returned home. The author of the play states that Willys personal dissatisfaction is the result of the tension in interpersonal relations between him, his wife Linda, and their two sons Biff and Happy. The first act of the play is focused on such issues as Willy Lomans turned on(p) unbalance because of his personal dissatisfaction, Biffs frustration and the familys financial problems. Moreover, the author represents his story is such a way that Willys emotional instability leads to the tension in relationships between Willy and Biff, who is also unhappy because of his professional failure. Willy says The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it Walked into a jungle and comes out, the age of twenty-one, and hes rich (Miller 31).

Mona Hatoum :: Artist Mona Hatoum Essays

Mona HatoumMost art scholars and critics examine the work of Mona Hatoum in relation to her ethnic and geopolitically charged background. In her own writings and interviews, however, Hatoum cautions against this journalistic approach. For her, the most important element of her art is its relationship to the body. When Hatoum immigrated from the Middle East to England, she immediately felt a sense of rendering when she perceived a mind/body disjunct that contradicted her own cultural experience it became immediately apparent to me that people were quite divorced from their bodies and very caught up in their heads, like disembodied intellectuals. So I was always very insistent on the physical in my work (Hatoum/Brett, 59). We relate to the world by means of our senses. You first experience an artwork physicallyMeanings, connotations and associations come after the initial physical imagination, intellect, psyche are fired off by what youve seen (Hatoum/Archer, 8).I study this stateme nt against theory by performance scholar Nelly Richard The body is the physical agent of the structures of everyday experience. It is the transmitter of cultural messagesa repository of memories, an actor in the theatre of power, a tissue of affects and feelings. Because the body is at the boundary between biology and societyin terms of power, biography and history, it is the site par excellence for transgressing the constraints of meaning (Richard, 208). nidus on four works by Hatoum, I take a position that respects the artists own intent and uses the body as a outset point for analyzing her work. However, I argue that it is necessary to consider her background in relation to the content of her art it is because of her background as an exile from political delirium that so much of Hatoums work evokes a sense of danger by eliciting a visceral response from the smasher. I also argue that Hatoums work insists that the viewer recognizes a second body, the implicit body of the oppress ed. That insistence comes primarily from two elements of her background her direct experience of living in the shadow of oppression, and her experience with feminist groups as an art student in London. Thus, in Hatoums work, two bodies-the body of the viewer and an implicit body--engage in a dialectic.Necessarily then, I offer a brief glimpse into the background of Mona Hatoum. She is a Palestinian whose parents were exiled to Lebanon before she was born.

Mona Hatoum :: Artist Mona Hatoum Essays

Mona HatoumMost artistic creation scholars and critics examine the work of Mona Hatoum in relation to her ethnic and geopolitically charged background. In her own literature and interviews, however, Hatoum cautions against this journalistic approach. For her, the most important element of her art is its relationship to the body. When Hatoum immigrated from the Middle East to England, she immediately felt a sense of displacement when she perceived a mind/body disjunct that contradicted her own cultural screw it became immediately apparent to me that people were quite divorced from their bodies and very caught up in their heads, deal disembodied intellectuals. So I was always very insistent on the physical in my work (Hatoum/Brett, 59). We relate to the world through our senses. You first experience an artwork physicallyMeanings, connotations and associations come after the initial physical imagination, intellect, psyche are fired off by what youve seen (Hatoum/Archer, 8).I weigh th is statement against speculation by performance scholar Nelly Richard The body is the physical agent of the structures of everyday experience. It is the transmitter of cultural messagesa repository of memories, an actor in the theatre of power, a tissue of affects and feelings. Because the body is at the boundary between biology and societyin terms of power, biography and history, it is the site par excellence for transgressing the constraints of meaning (Richard, 208).Focusing on quaternity works by Hatoum, I take a position that respects the artists own intent and uses the body as a starting point for analyzing her work. However, I argue that it is necessary to consider her background in relation to the content of her art it is because of her background as an exile from political violence that so a great deal of Hatoums work evokes a sense of danger by eliciting a visceral response from the viewer. I also argue that Hatoums work insists that the viewer recognizes a mho body, t he implicit body of the oppressed. That insistence comes primarily from two elements of her background her direct experience of living in the shadow of oppression, and her experience with feminist groups as an art student in London. Thus, in Hatoums work, two bodies-the body of the viewer and an implicit body--engage in a dialectic.Necessarily then, I offer a brief glance into the background of Mona Hatoum. She is a Palestinian whose parents were exiled to Lebanon before she was born.

MRSA infection in neonatal intensive care units

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains increased in the U.S. from 2.4% in 1975 to 29% in 1991. Once established, MRSA is very difficult to eradicate. One of the biggest challenges is preventing cross-transmission of these organisms. Certain patients atomic number 18 more prone to transmitting and colonization by MRSA, and newborn babys in NICUs atomic number 18 a high-risk group (Finkelstein, 1999, 24).Risk factors for acquiring MRSA include prolonged hospitalization a stay in an ICU or burn unit previous antimicrobial therapy surgical site transmittings and exposure to colonized or infected patients. The majority of MRSA infections in neonates are primary bacteremias and pneumonias. MRSA infections have also been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and greater hospital costs than those due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).Why are neonates more prone to MRSA infection?With regards to skin infection it has been shown that an infants gestationa l age has a great impact on epidermal barrier parting as measured by transepidermal wet loss. Preterm infants younger than 28 weeks show decreased functioning of the epidermal barrier, placing them at risk for cutaneous bacterial infection (Kalia, 1998, 323). The skin barrier attains full function, kindred to adult skin, by 2 to 4 weeks of age just now can take as long as 8 weeks in extremely previous(p) infants. Mandel et al. (2004, 161) conducted a retrospective analysis of the role of cutaneous abscess in sepsis. They found that in 22% of the newborn infants with nosocomial sepsis, cutaneous abscess was the underlying cause.Additionally, their immune systems are underdeveloped, with white air cells-neutrophils in particular-moving more slowly than adults. Its suspected that neonates become colonized with S. aureus soon after being placed in a nursery, with the umbilical stump as the site of initial colonization. Factors identified with MRSA outbreaks in NICUs include high i nfant-to-staff ratios and infection transmission through hand carriage by wellness business organization workers (AAP, 1997)Spread of MRSA transmittal and preventionMRSA is found on the anterior nares, groin, and perineum, S. aureus is a normal part of the body flora. Its also a common pathogen, create major infections in both compromised and uncompromised patients. The normal immune response of the body can overcome any MRSA attempt to infection, but in the intensive care due to concentrated immune response, and bacterial resistance, these organisms van create havoc. In a report from Australia quoted by Park (2007, 26-27), it was shown that from 1992 to 1994, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections caused only 8% of staphylococcal infections but from 1995 to 1998, there was an outbreak of MRSA infection in two Melbourne hospitals.Methods to halt the bedspread of MRSA outbreaks include reducing overcrowding and improving staffing patterns, treating umbilical cords wit h triple-dye, and bathing full-term infants with hexachlorophene. however unless strict adherence to infection control is maintained, it is not possible to control this infection. Handwashing is most important. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that neonatal nursery staff dress a three-minute handwash at the start of each shift, cleansing up to the elbows with an antiseptic soap and sponge brush (AAP, 1997).Infected neonates should be placed on contact precautions. Here the infant must be handled with gloves, and if possible, depending on the spacing available and the acute status of the infant, they should be assigned to isolated chambers (Larson, 1995, 259, 262). Hitomi etal (2000, 127), counsel the use of mupirocin as a nasal spray to control nasal carriage of MRSA in the hospital staff, which act as the greatest source of spread of this infection.Effects of Nosocomial MRSA infectionAccording to the NNIS (2002), In 2000, 55.3% of S. aureus isolates causing nosocomi al infections among patients hospitalized in intensive care units in hospitals reporting to the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System were resistant to methicillin. Nambiar etal(2003, 224) give an interesting account of the complications MRSA can cause in an intensive care setting. They describe an outbreak of MRSA, in which neonates had meningitis, blood stream infection (with its complications soft tissue abscess, shock and a right atrial thrombus, suppurative thrombophlebitis, osteoarthritis of the distal femur and knee joint). Masanga (1999, 169) reported colonic irrigation stenosis after MRSA enterocolitis.The predisposing factors for neonatal MSSA enterocolitis include breast feeding from a mother with staphylococcal mastitis,an indwelling feeding catheter and malnutrition. The clinical picture of MSSA enterocolitis in the neonate is characterized by acute onset of diarrhea and ileus.Necrotizing enterocolitis. intensive care including mechanical ventilation, indwe lling feeding catheter, the use of antibiotics, the delay of feeding causing the lower sulkiness of gastric contents, hypoactive peristalsis and the change of bowel flora, conditions similar to those seen in postoperative patients most likely predisposed to abnormal MRSA growth and resultant enterocolitis. nephrotoxic shock syndrome (combination of erythema and thrombocytopenia, low-positive C-reactive protein (CRP) value, or fever), (Richtmann etal, 2000, 88-89, Takahashi, 2003, 234-35).Effect on parentsThe illness in the neonate is a great source of stress to the parents. Not only is the child uninvolved from the mother, which leads to anxiety for the mother, and nursing problems. There occur problems of lactation, with breast engorgement and galactorrhoea. In addition, the mother is at a greater risk of catching infection from a infected child with pneumonia and exanthemas. Skin infection can spread via contact. Thus parents are at an increased risk from a child affected with MRSA infection.Treatment streak is the best treatment. This infection can be rapidly fatal in the neonates, particularly the preterm infants. Prompt recognition of the symptoms and active measures to prevent spread can reduce the morbidity and mortality. Cultures should be obtained for susceptibility determination in any child with a presumed S. aureus infection that is moderate to severe. The election of empiric therapy, before susceptibility testing, and the choice of definitive therapy will depend on the local antibiotic resistance patterns, the tissue site and severity of infection, and the toxicity profile of the antibiotic.Vancomycin has been the traditional antibiotic employed for the treatment of MRSA pneumonia. It has been found, however, that problems with lung tissue penetration may limit the trenchantness of vancomycin Similarly, daptomycin has been shown to have limited activity for pneumonia due to limited lung penetration and stifling by surfactant. Linezolid has also recently been evaluated as a specific treatment for MRSA pneumonia, and found to have good lung tissue penetration capability (Bradley, 200575-77)ConclusionsMRSA infection in the neonatal intensive care setting is associated with exceptional morbidity and mortality. Preventive measures are the key to victory against MRSA. Each unit has to chart out effective protocols of infection control and adhere to it with a strong will.References1 Finkelstein LE etal(1999MRSA in NeonatesAm J Nurs, slew 99(1).January.242 Kalia YN, Nonato LB, Lund CH, et al(1998) Development of skin barrier function in premature infants. J Invest Dermatol 111320-3263 Mandel D, Littner Y, Mimouni FB, et al.( 2004) Nosocomial cutaneous abscesses in septic infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89F161-F1624 American Academy of Pedaitrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1997)Guidelines for Perinatal care, 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL, The Academy,5 PARK CH etal(2007). Changing trend of neonatal infection meet at a newly established regional medical center in KoreaPediatr Int, Volume 49(1).24306 Larson, E. L(1995). APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am.J. Infect. assert 23251-269.7 Hitomi S, Kubota M, Mori N, et al(2005) Control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit by unselective use of nasal mupirocin ointment. J Hosp Infect 46 1231298 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report. Data Summary from January 1992 to June 2001. Issued August 2001. ready(prenominal) at http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/members/members.htm nnisreports. Accessed Mar 5 20079 Nambiar S, Herwaldt LA, Singh N (2003). Outbreak of invasive disease caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in neonates and prevalence in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med, Volume 4(2).220-22610 Masanga K etal (1999). Colonic Stenosis After Severe Methicillin-Res istant Staphylococcus Aureus Enterocolitis In A Newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J, Volume 18(2).169-17111 Richtmann R etal.(2000) Outbreak Of Methicillin-Resistent Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Infection On A Neonate Intensive Care Unit (Nicu) The Key Role Of Infection Control Measures. Am J Infect Control, Volume 28(1).February 88-89.12 Takahashi N (2003). Neonatal toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease (NTED). Pediatr Int, Volume 45(2).23323713 Bradley JS (2005). Newer antistaphylococcal agents Curr Opin Pediatr, Volume 17(1).71-77

How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay

The main character of How Much Land Does A military creation Need? is a drop dead example of an insatiable desire for possessions and wealth which at the end destroys the person.Pahom was living a living free from anxiety as his wife said and without epoch to let any nonsense settle in his chief according to Pahoms words. As the story develops it reveals Pahoms real problem was at heart him because he was never content or please with the land and the possessions he had.At the beginning of the story, Pahom was a peasant without land of his knowledge, working daily to support his family and idea Our only trouble is that we havent land enough. If I had plenty of land, I shouldnt fear the devil himself when in reality the avarice in spite of appearance Pahom lied dormant and he was non aware that his desire to obtain plenty of land will inevitably awaken the monster inside him that could never be satisfied.The first time Pahom had a land of his own was a farm of forty acres. S o he became a landowner, plowing and sowing his own land, do hay on his own land, cutting his own trees, and feeding the cattle of his own pasture. When he went out to plough the fields, or to look at his ontogenesis corn, or at his grass meadows, his heart would fill with joy. This farm seemed to him unlike any new(prenominal) land, fulfilling his dreams until he heard the story of a expose place where he will be able to have more land of his own. At this moment the cupidity in him began to blind Pahom to the simplicity of his life and to be grateful and fulfilled for what he had.The second farm he acquired had 125 acres and Pahom, had three times as much as at his former home, and the land was good corn land. He was ten times better off than he had been. He had plenty of arable land and pasturage, and could give as many head of cattle as he liked.Obviously greed does not have limits and it is a part of our human nature almost posses a greater level of greed than others but nevertheless greed holds no boundaries and the word plenty has no meaning at all.I oppugn what Pahoms wife was thinking now because in the conversation she has with her sisters, she was more concerned with the temptations of the surrounding towns but did not consider the avarice lying inside her husband that once, fed leads to ruin. Pahom had it all but Pahom was not happy, he was not content, he was not satisfied with the land he had.His greed lead him in to a path of destruction that is best described by the dream he had the night out front his death. He thought he was lying in that same tent, and heard somebody chuckling outside. He wondered who it could be, and rose and went out, and he saw the the Bashkir Chief sitting in front of the tent holding his side and rolled about with laughter. Going nearer to the Chief, Pahom asked What are you laughing at? But he saw that it was no longer the Chief, but the dealer who had recently halt at his house and had told him about the lan d.Just as Pahom was going to ask, Have you been here long? he saw that it was not the dealer, but the peasant who had begin up from the Volga, long ago, to Pahoms old home. Then he saw that it was not the peasant either, but the Devil himself with hoofs and horns, sitting there and chuckling, and before him congeal a man barefoot, prostrate on the ground, with only trousers and a shirt on. And Pahom dreamed that he looked more attentively to see what sort of a man it was lying there, and he saw that the man was dead, and that it was himself He awoke horror struck.Pahom never had enough land, he always needed more to feed the insatiable greed that controlled his life. The following excerpt from the poem Who Am I? written by Dietrich Bonheoffer describes better the condition of Pahoms struggle Who Am I? This or the other?Am I one person today and tomorrow another?Am I both at once? A hypocrite before others,And before myself a contemptibly woebegone weakling?Or is something within m e still like a beaten army?Fleeing in disorder from advantage already achieved?Who am I? They mock me, these lonely questions of mineWhoever I am, Thou knowest, O God, I am Thine.Time after time Pahom was not able to enjoy the fruit of his hard work as a result of the avarice consuming him. As the proverb says A greedy man hasten after wealth and does not know that poverty will come upon him Proverbs 2822Pahom died seeking more and more land of his own and at the end his servant picked up the spade and dug a grave long enough for Pahom to lie in, and buried him in it. Six feet from his head to his heels was all he needed.

The Definition: Marketing Management

Marketing is not only if some advertising and publicityal work. People perceive it as such because promotional work, whether it be advertising, PR or sales promotional activity, is often the most visible part of a selling teams effort to the outside humankind. The second legend that needs dispelling, one most people, even those who work in occupation often believe, is that market is expert a function of championship that merely churns out 4 smash your trade skills products, free gifts and advertising matter from employees who work in the marketing department.How eer, marketing is much deeper and signifi send packingtly more profound than this. If marketing is used and truly understood and implemented erectly in a business, it becomes a philosophy, a stylus of doing business a whole approach, which should and must permeate throughout an entire organization. Hence, marketing is everybody responsibility, not Just the specialist marketers who work in the marketing departmen t. why is it everybody responsibility? Well, think about it logically. How many times have you phoned an organization and been cut off, or not spoken to in a professional manner, or not been given the answers you de make out?How many times have you visited organizations as a client and your feet stick to the floors because they havent been cleaned ropey, or you meet staff who havent been trained to make out with questions and queries? The reason marketing is everybody responsibility is quite simple, yet incredibly important it is because we all play a part in creating the guest experience. So what genuinely is it? If one word had to be chosen to encapsulate the interchange focus of marketing it would be customer.Marketing is about understanding who your customers are, being able to anticipate what they regard now and in the future and, ultimately, satisfying their every need. All the work your organization undertakes not Just the marketing department) should therefore be cre ated and implemented to serve the customer. The interpretation put forward by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (see wry. Jim. Co. UK) is a sound one it describes marketing as the management process trusty for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.This definition is useful in understanding the key facets Marketing separating fact from fiction 5 of what marketing is truly all about as it is direct, concise and almost every word means something that is critical to understanding exactly what the marketing philosophy entails. The first three words of this definition are particularly important in understanding marketing. First, marketing is now seen as being of senior management importance, being strategic as easy as tactical and operational.For it to be truly embedded into the culture and nubble of an organization, it needs commitment from top management, and in many organizations today a marketing director will be on the board to lead the orga nization forwards with a marketing-based awareness. Secondly, marketing is a process. There is no clinical cabbage and end. It isnt linear. Its continual a process it never stops or ends. As the world intensifys, so do our customers, hence our businesses adapt and evolve to move with the times. to begin with we locoweed satisfy the customer we must truly understand who they are as well as we possibly can we must identify them.Marketing isnt Just about the here and now either. It is also about the future. Marketers must anticipate customer wants and needs. wherefore? Again, think about it logically. It may take your organization years to intermit a new product (or service) and launch it into the market. Therefore, you must think into the future in terms of the customers desires and needs and not Just their rent requirements. If your organization can identify and anticipate customer requirements, you can move to try and satisfy them. But, once again, there is an added complic ation. Most organizations have limited resources financial, staff, equipment, etc.Therefore, an organization must set about to satisfy its customers efficiently (with as little wastage as possible) and profitably. However, now more than ever, business activities should also be undertaken and managed in an ethical and socially responsible manner. 6 Develop your marketing skills The marketing concept Your organizations most important asset is your customers. Irrespective of whether your company is a product- or serviceable organization or indeed a charity, you must place the customer at the heart of all the decision making and planning (not just the marketing) decisions.Where customer needs drive all the business decisions a marketing philosophy has been truly adopted and implemented. This is generally known as the marketing concept. This can only be achieved by entering into regular, honourable dialogue with your customers. Every time you receive customer feedback your organization grows stronger, as shown in watch 1. 1 . Communication Client Supplier Time fingers breadth 1. 1 Healthy dialogue with clients benefits all parties An organization that adopts the marketing concept into its business practices is therefore said to be marketing-oriented.Marketing separating fact from fiction 7 are all organizations marketing-oriented? Unfortunately not There are a number of different business orientations that organizations tend to follow. Have a look at them below. achievement orientation This is where the managers are focused not upon the customer save upon production techniques, reduced greets and efficiency issues. Typically it involves noble volume, low margin business with low R&D or innovation. To use an analogy, if China were a company, it would be production-oriented. Is this approach to running a business incorrect?Not necessarily, exclusively it is very inward-looking. What if the market, competition and customers change? How will an organization f ollowing this nonworking approach know to change accordingly? In reality, it probably wouldnt, which is a major discriminate of this approach if adopted in todays highly competitive, fast-paced marketplace. Product orientation This is where an organization focuses upon the product it produces the features, quality, cost and brand, etc not the customer. Typically these companies look to augment animate products or improve on competitors products.Again, is this a suitable approach and philosophy for running a business? Well, yes, for some. The Apple pod is a simply superb concept scarcely many of its components have existed for decades (displays, hard disks, etc) and it wasnt the first AMP player to market. The Virgin organization has had huge success at taking on major players in new markets and doing it in its own Virgin way. That said, Virgin and Apple are exceptions to the rule and most product-oriented organizations adopt an inward focus at their own arilAgain, it has to be acknowledged that even with an inward-looking 8 Develop your marketing skills approach to running a business, the product may be successful initially, but what if newer, more innovative and competitive products appear in the market? What if the initial customer response to the new product is negative? Will product-oriented businesses be trump out positioned to respond? Arguably not. Sales orientation This approach is where an organization introduces sales techniques to sell its products basically it sells whatever it produces.This approach became popular in the asses, when customers ere starting to be given a choice of products and go in other words, when competition started to really appear in the marketplace. Hard-sell techniques were often used in this approach to succor persuade the customer to buy one particular product or service rather than that of the competition. A useful approach? Yes it certainly can be but again, organizations must be cautious if they use this sole a pproach today. A more enlightened example of a sales-oriented company is dell.Anyone who takes a subscription, say, to The measure cant help but notice Dells massive investment in advertising. Hundreds of days every year there are half- and full-page ads, not to mention ads on TV, radio and other media. A straw poll of our classes over the last few years has never failed to produce a cluster of students who have bought Dell machines. Dell didnt invent the PC, its probably not the cheapest unit in the market but you have to go a long way to find a company that advertises its PCs more effectively than Dell. These orientations are summarizes in Table 1. . The benefits of being inordinateness By embracing the marketing concept and placing the customer at the heart of all planning and decision making you should Marketing separating fact from fiction 9 Table 1. 1 Attributes of different orientations Orientation Nature Motivation to change Marketing activities oriented Production Stack me high sell me cheap high volume, low margin, risk, D and innovation Internal Take share by cost leadership Yes Often target late majority and laggards (see Chapter 5) No Product Add to existing ideas. Some tailoring of product offer.Medium volume, occasionally high margins Look to improve on internal or external rivals Target early adopters and niche markets Sales We sell what we produce. Not necessarily the iris nor the best. understructure take large market share Look to take share from competitors by having higher Single transactions Heavy reliance on promotion some use of mass media, others through sales teams. Strong branding We sell what our customers want. Often end up market leaders. Seek to innovate with products and services External Seek to identify customer needs that arent satisfied by rivals and provide solutions. Evolve relationships Heavy reliance on market research. Promote verity schemes. Seek to sell benefits and add value customers 10 Develop your marketing skills Profit Market hare Customer Satisfaction Loyalty Retention word-of-mouth Staff Job Relations Rewards Figure 1. 2 Benefits of adopting a marketing orientation attain a number of key advantages, as shown in Figure 1. 2 and listed below increase in market share increase in turnover increase in profit index increase in customer satisfaction increase in customer loyalty increase in the number of new users creating a competitive advantage.Put quite simply, if you continually give customers what they want, the chances are that they will come back, time and time again to purchase your product or services, Hereford enhancing sales, turnover and profitability as well as gaining customer satisfaction and loyalty. Satisfied customers tend to not only return to purchase for themselves once again, they also tend to circulate their friends, families and colleagues. Conversely, if they Marketing separating fact from fiction 11 have a poor experience, they tend to tell even more people abou t it Why does my company need to be marketing-oriented? Consider the world we live in today.For many organizations, the marketplace is a difficult, dynamic, dangerous and highly competitive place to be. To be more successful, your organization must be outwardly focused, not Just internally focused upon production techniques, products and sales issues. A much wider view is needed. You certainly need excellent production techniques, products and sales initiatives but an awareness of the customer and other factors at play in the wider environment is paramount. Wherever and whenever you see changes in the market or environment, you must change and adapt, otherwise you risk being left behind and could suffer quite serious repercussions.Many organizations develop a tunnel-like vision to their business activities. This condition is often referred to as marketing myopia a short-sightedness that can often result in the loss of customers and eventually loss of the business. Nowadays many ac ademics and practitioners subscribe to the view that the business environment is changing at such a rate that were all working in permanent turbulence and our planned strategies have little chance of reaching their mean goals without deflection.It is easy to get ensnared into analyzing and crunching sales and market share figures, focusing upon staffing issues, buying in new capital equipment and other such internal matters. However, one of the central issues to developing a marketing philosophy and culture throughout an organization is to place Just as much emphasis on external matters. Why focus upon the customer and not concentrate on core organizational strengths? Simply put, it is the customer that purchases products and services from an organization in exchange for money.This 12 Develop your marketing skills exchange process brings the organization and the customer together. If customers have a positive experience with the product or service, or with the overall experience, they will tell their family, friends ND colleagues, and if they have a bad experience the chances are that they will tell even more people about it. This applies now more than ever with the advent of the internet. Web 2. 0 has seen an explosion in the number of user websites (see whim. Midi. Com), blobs and social network sites such as Faceable.In 2007 Catbird re-launched its Wisps bar as a result of a campaign on Faceable for bringing it back. Good for Catbird for monitoring the external environment. As electronic exchanges can bring the two parties together, a relationship is formed and many marketers today try to capitalist upon that initial relationship by finding UT as much as they can about the customers and their needs. Customers are also constantly changing and technology is enabling quicker, easier decision making for instance by using cost-comparison websites such as Keelson or Precompiled. Mom. As customers change, their desires, needs and wants also change and if an org anization doesnt change and adapt with them, the chances are that they will dissatisfy the customer and start to lose their customers to the competition. Another myth that also requires dispelling is that the whole marketing effort is only used by large organizations with huge budgets. On the contrary, it can be argued hat the marketing philosophy is even more important for a small business to engage in than it is for a global or multinational player.Small businesses dont have the low cost base or the huge pool of investment funds that are available to a large business. However, they often have an advantage in their ability to move much closer to customers, to form a strong alliance with them and make them feel incredibly important. They can also move flexibly and apace with changing customer needs and market dynamics. Therefore the marketing philosophy can be embraced and implemented in any size or figure of organization.Indeed its worth reiterating that irrespective of your orga nizational size or type, it is imperative that you monitor the external forces that can impact on the customer. Marketing separating fact from fiction 13 What are these external factors? Basically, as the world constantly evolves and changes, so customers change what they require. Organizations that dont adapt and change with the times are often those that eventually have to battle for their very survival. Marketing is about not only satisfying customers but delighting them. Its about adding value, quality and innovation to their experiences but in an ethical and

Leveraging Consumer Behaviour †Coca Cola Case Study Essay

The project aims to decipher how effectively coca green goddess Company has leveraged consumer behaviour in India. We adjudge considered the challenges that India poses for the market placeing of globally produced FMCGs (fast moving consumer goods) followed by observation of how the marketing of coca weed has been tailored for the Indian context and on its relative successes. Cultural Factors goal is the fundamental determinant of a persons wants and behaviour (Philip Kotler). India has always been known for its cultural diversity. With a variety of cultures in India, coca plant Cola confront a challenge in how to target across the cultural lines. Initially, they made the mistake of focusing on the American way of life but they accomplished their mistake quickly and started researching the Indian market in detail. They found that the 3As of availability, affordability and acceptability needed to be employed. as well as, affordability was the biggest driver for desirability. Culture coca Cola detect that the values of kinship and togetherness were universal across all cultures in India. So they decided to market change state as a drink for family get-togethers and parties. To action this, coca Cola came up with a marketing operate that showed Aishwarya Rai solving a feud between her p bents with a bump singing Pyar me kabhi kabhi aisa ho jata hai, saath me thanda ho strike ho jata hai. Recently, Coca Cola launched Saath Khao Khushiyan Badhao campaign which encouraged the younger teenage group to eat with the family. These advertisements showed Coca Cola as a symbol of saving families together. SubculturesCoca Cola leveraged the classic North Indian custom of asking guests Thanda Ya Garam by equating thanda as Coca Cola Thanda matlab Coca Cola. Gradually, Coca Cola marketed itself across all the states and subcultures in India through a marketing campaign involving Aamir Khan. These ads showed Aamir Khan enjoying Coke in a series of regionally godly divisions ranging from a Mumbai bhai to a Punjabi farmer, a Hyderabadi shopkeeper, a Nepali Sherpa and a UP bhaiya. All these ads used the local dialect but much(prenominal)that every oneness could recognise it. The ads showed both a common man and a person from higher social class enjoying change state together. Thus Coke targeted all socio-economic classes. Coke targeted the rural market by introducing Rs5 bottle.They also introduced small lahris which gave a small glass of Coca Cola company beverages for just Rs 2. Coca Cola has extensively used cultural symbols such as festivals for instance, their campaigns for Navratri in Gujarat and the campaigns on Independence Day. It has also tied up with restaurants serving regional cuisine with taglines such as Masala Dosa tastes better with a Coke(on a menu card of Sankalp Restaurant in Ahmedabad ). Coca Cola aimed its newspaper advertising campaign at rural India (which it called India B) through more or less very creative a ds featuring the Desi Jugaad Concept. These ads created an additional appeal to the urban youth (India A) by the way of undermining the actual conventional advertising plan. Hence we see that Coca Cola has established itself as a post in sync with the Indian cultural values and marketed it across all cadres of the Indian society. Social FactorsSocial factors renovate an essential graphic symbol in influencing the debauching decisions of consumers. Some common influences are Reference GroupsFamilyRoles and StatusReference GroupsEvery individual has some people around him who directly or indirectly influence their attitudes and behaviour. Coca Cola has used this factor extensively to leverage its products, particularly with cross outs exchangeable ThumsUp and Sprite. Sprite was marketed as a soft drink for the modern urban youth who was quick-witted and street-smart. It focused on creating an aspirational group which young people would want to be associated with. Various campa igns were launched to achieve this Chalo Apni Chaal These advertisements mainly focused on the influence of aspirational groups on the self- image, where in it was shown how someone aspires to be talented resembling others around him, but isnt. However, after sipping coke, he decides to depend by his own rules instead of competing with others, and thereby emerges as the real winner.University of Freshology This campaign focused on applying fresh techniques to get out of everyday tricky situations that onemay find himself in. It used the image of a serious, bespectacled man the Freshology Professor giving lessons to people who find themselves in tricky situations. These advertisements used the concept of aspirational groups, as from each one person aims to slip out of such situations with ease, just as the Freshology Professor preaches. ThumsUp used its Aaj Kuch Toofani Karte Hai campaign, to represent a stigmatize image of beingness different. With its advertisements and tag line, it aimed to urge people to think differently and do things differently for e.g., in 1 TVC, Salman Khan hires a helicopter in order to pick up the Thums Up truck out of traffic, so that the stock at a shop can be replenished. This focused on attempting to alter the attitudes of consumers and bring more or less changed, fresh thinking, thereby positioning itself as a brand that is vastly different from others. Thums Up is geared towards a particular group of people who look to adventure and want to try something thrilling and exhilarating. This is also reflected in its strong taste.By using conventionally macho celebrities like Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar, it means to portray an image of self-confidence and achievement-orientation, which consumers can aspire to become. Coca-Cola TVCs focus more on membership groups, particularly primary groups. For example, the idea of friendship is used in the Hrithik Roshan and Aiswarya Rai better(p) Friends advertisement, professing how best friends are always together despite personal differences as they always share a coke. Another example is a TVC of school-going kids enjoying Coke together after an intense competition of eating spicy food. It portrays Coke as the medium which brings friends together and creates an atmosphere of camaraderie and friendship. FamilyFamily plays an important role in influencing the buying decisions of individuals. Coca- came up with various strategies to leverage this aspect in influencing consumer behaviour The Share-a-Coke campaign used the concept of gifting on special occasions, wherein it gives people the outlook to order personalized Coke bottles through a Facebook app. It was tremendously successful and brought about a 7% increase in sales due to this campaign alone. Recipe for great meals Under this campaign, Coca-Cola published various recipes and how-to videos for various occasions, be it a picnic, a family feast or a pizza night with friends. It positioned itselfas being an integral part of a great meal, along with family and good food. Along the lines of Recipe for great meals is the Saath Khao Khushiyan Badhao campaign, which aims to demonstrate family bonding over meals, and positions a Coke bottle as one of the many elements that show and enhance this bonding. The MinuteMaid TVC, which focuses on a mother and child, attempts to influence the woman in the family, understanding that in such a situation, it is the woman who makes the buying decision. Roles and StatusEach individual plays a dual role in the society depending on the group he belongs to and each rule in turn connotes to a status, which differentiates the buying needs and tendency of individuals. The products under the Coca-Cola umbrella bring home the bacon to different segments based on their role in society. For example, Maaza was mainly targeted towards kids, Sprite towards the college-going youth, Thums Up towards the young-adult adventure-seeking male, Minute Maid towards the mo ther, etc. However, it is also true that apart from the primary demographic, there is a large tertiary demographic for each of these products. For example, consumption of Sprite is not restricted to just the youth. The product of coke comes in different packages and sizes for example, higher social classes demand for canned coke while the lower classes demand for bottled coca cola.Personal FactorsAge and Stage in the life cycle coconut palm Cola has always tried to cater and portray itself to all the age groups. There have been campaigns like Saath Khao Khushiyaan Badhao which showed families having dinner together. But there have been certain campaigns targeted towards youth in particular. For example coco palm Cola released an ad called Spicy Happiness which featured school and college students, thereby targeting the age segment of 15-25 years. In another example, Coco Cola also came up with an ad in which they used the backdrop of a library and showed two students. Coco Cola ha s used the Indian family concept in a hardening of its campaigns. To counter the negative complaints post 2009, Coca Cola adopted the Global happiness campaign. It experimented with different kinds of images for the year. It was projected as a beverage enjoyed by the intact family together through ad campaigns like Saath Khao Khushiyaan Badao.Also after the pesticide incident Coco Cola used Aamir Khan to re-image the brand and in one of the commercials, his character was a Bengali man who comes with his family to a restaurant. Occupation and economic circumstancesBewajah khushiyaan lutao campaign in which the actors from the movie Student of the year were shown sharing a coke with people from different economic backgrounds like a waiter, lady on rickshaw and a shoe store helper. This was to create an image that coke is for everyone. Also the campaign Thanda matlab Coco Cola showed Aamir Khan play variety of roles ranging from Mumbai Bhai to a Nepali Sherpa. This was also targeted to reinforce coke for everyone image. Personality and Self ConceptCoco Cola has tried to create a happy and fun image. All its marketing campaigns have been directed towards it. Open happiness campaign is one of the study ad campaigns by Coke. It is complemented by the jingle Haan haan main crazy hoon which features people enjoying, helping and going out of their way to bring smile to strangers. Coca Cola India campaign Umeedon Wali Dhoop, Sachchai Wali Asha TVC launched in the year 2012, sells hope for a better tomorrow. This clearly gives a message of optimism and growth and shows that any and every dream is achievable.Similarly the brand also roped in Sachin Tendulkar, as a happiness brand ambassador to support various CSR initiatives the brand is undertaking. Coca Cola India projects itself as a brand which wants to grow along with the society. In its endeavour, the company has undertaken a variety of community development projects in rural as well as urban areas. Coca Cola Ind ias Parvartan Program trains local Kirana store owners in good business practices. Similarly in another initiative, Coca cola has distributed Solar pissing cooler ekocool to female retailers in Interior regions of Uttar Pradesh. Psychological FactorsPerceptionAll the product ranges available in the Coca-Cola umbrella have a different brand image which is actively developed to cater to a wider demographic. Some products like Coke and Thums Up, for example are very similar but have a widely different perception in the consumers minds due to differentmarketing strategies. While Coke is associated with happiness and togetherness, Thumbs Up is perceived to be more rough and gritty and meant for adventurous people. In regards to a specific product, Coke has tried to ingratiate itself with the Indian consumer in order to increase its brand equity. For example, it has launched marketing campaigns for Indian festivals like Diwali so as to encompass the feeling of that festival, which reson ate with Indian culture.By associating itself with the Indian culture, it creates a positive impression on the consumers and they remember the mall ideas of the campaign, if not the entirety of it. So, selective retention works in this case to carry forward the message of the company. EmotionsThe open happiness campaign has strong ties with emotions as people tend to connect more to a brand when they have a reason to feel a sense of elation and joy. HAPPINESS truck This campaign shows a truck which goes from one part of the country to another and distributes free coke and other gifts like teddy bears, sunglasses, etc. to the general public. This creates a sense of contentment and happiness in the minds of the viewer and creates an emotional tie with them. It also shows a sense of inclusivity as the entire community is seen to enjoy the experience. beautiful WORLD MACHINES This campaign is a brilliant cross-cultural marketing strategy which surpasses national borders. It has ident ifies an emotion which can connect both regions and capitalized on that to promote the brand. The advertisement involves people from both nations communication through a happiness machine which then distributes bottles of coke as rewards.By associating itself with a joyful experience, it not merely promotes its brand, but also created a favourable perception of itself in the minds of the consumer. CRAZY CAMPAIGN This campaign ties both with reminiscence as well as emotions as it illustrates people connecting with other people through the product. It celebrates impulsiveness and happiness and also has a tricky jingle which would be remembered by viewers long after observation the TVC. Thus it plays on both emotions as well as the memory of the viewers.LearningClassical Learning Theory This concept is clearly seen in the Thanda Matlab Coca Cola TVC where initially, an unconditioned stimulus (thirst) produces an unconditioned response (need for a cold drink). The TVC links the thirs t to the specific thirst for Coca-Cola (which is a conditioned response) by linking the sound out Thanda to Coca-Cola (Conditioned Stimulus). Operant Learning The idea of positive reinforcement is used in the concept of the Happiness Machines, Happiness Trucks and several variations of the same. The device rewards the customer with additional gifts like toys, flowers, cupcakes, etc when they get a bottle of Coke from the device. This works as an incentive to buy the product again in the future. MemoryAll the above mentioned factors like attitudes, perceptions, motivations, etc. play a role in creating top-of-the-mind recall for the company. Minimalistic Advertising Coke has published several ads which are minimalistic in nature and are and so easily imprinted in the consumers minds. An example is the coke hands advertisement which is simple and elegant and stays with the viewer a long time afterwards. Apart from this, in order to translate interest into revenue, the method of spre ading activation is used, where one event is used to trigger a favourable action. In this regard, products in stores are tied up with festivals and occasions and tied up in a way so as to immediately capture the attention of the potential buyer. Also, catchy tunes and jingles are associated with the TVCs to ensure top-of the-mind-recall. Another important factor which ties in with memory correlation is subliminal messaging.An important example is product placement in movies like Dhoom 2, Rang De Basanti, etc. In these movies, the brand is displayed usually as a background event which is not really pertinent to the plot of the movie, but leaves a dour impression on the minds of the viewers. There are two ways to measure the impact of such a campaign through explicit and implicit memory retention and how it ties up with economic benefit of the product. Although retention is an important part of brand promotion, memory retrieval is the most important concept, as the consumer has to ac tually buy the product in retail outlets and other stores in order to translate all the marketing strategies into concrete gains. In this regard, products in stores are tied up with festivals and occasions and tied up in a way so as to immediately capture the attention of the potential buyer.ConclusionWe see that Coca Cola Company has leveraged consumer behaviour in all ways possible and has established itself as synonymous with happiness and fun.

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay

On the Internet, no body knows youre a dog. herring (2003, p. 205) mentioned this caption of a cartoon bearing published in the New Yorker (July 1993). May be in this age with the internet evolution its hard to know its a dog, but what about distinguishing users sex activity in computer-mediated dialogue (CMC) is it easy or not. This essay tries to shade the light on rough of these sex activity disagreeences in computer-mediated communication (CMC). This essay gives an idea about computer-mediated communication (CMC) modes and the gap between CMC expectations and the fact that there be gender differences in CMC. and then it gives an idea about gender differences in traditional communication followed by exploring gender differences in CMC. First, its important to have an idea about CMC polar modes. check to Herring (2003, p. 205), computer mediated communication (CMC) comprises a variety of interactive socio-technical modes. She gave some examples of these modes such as e-mai l, discussion lists and newsgroups, chat, MUDs (Multi-User Dimensions) and MOOs (MUD, Object Oriented), IM (Instant Messaging).Dalampan (2006) classifies CMC modes into synchronous and asynchronous (Figure. 1). The synchronous mode requires communication in real-time. However, the synchronous mode doesnt require interlocutors to be online at the same time. (p. 59) According to Dalampan (2006), the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) continues to try interest from sociolinguists who be concerned with whether the traditional gender differences in face-to-face interaction are carried over into online discourse (p. 59).The problem that all studies tried to canvas is the gap between earlier richly expectations for CMC concerning providing an environment that creates equity and the fact that gender differences still existed even in CMC environment. Li (2006) saw that many educators and researchers had high hopes for CMC, believing that it provided more than(prenominal) than than equal access to information and communication and would ultimately lead to greater equity. Also, Hendry (2001, p. 3) mentioned that earlier research in computer-mediated communication (CMC) put in that CMC promoted kind equity.She explains that this could be due to predictions by many researchers that CMC would democratize communication and mitigate gender differences. Despite these claims that the relative anonymous communication on the Internet would weaken down traditional gender binaries, research has identified gender differences in computer-mediated discourse, similar to differences observed in spoken discourse. (Herring, 2006) In order to determine whether the wrangle used by manfuls and effeminates in computer-mediated communication (CMC) reveal gender related differences or not, many studies were conducted.However, according to Li (2006) research findings concerning gender differences in CMC are mixed. However, this essay will explore some of these gender di fferences in CMC in some related studies. Linguists have long recognized gender as a factor that may affect persons linguistic productions (Baron, 2005, p. 8). Sociolinguists have written extensively about stylistic differences they have observed between males and females in spoken and written language (p. 4).Based on these previous studies, Baron (2005) mentioned some gender linguistic differences such as females tend to use more politeness indicators than males, whereas males more frequently interrupt woman than vice versa in general, women tend to use language as a tool for facilitating br early(a)ly interaction, whereas males are more prone to use language for conveying information on average, womens speech reflects standard phonological, lexical, and grammatical patterns more than mens does (p. 8). estimator-mediated communication (CMC) has attracted more and more researchers attention as a due to the dramatic increase in the use of the Internet in recent years (Li, 2005, p. 382). According to Baron (2003) linguists and other scientists have been studying CMC for we over a decade (p. 4). The essay now will give some examples for gender differences in CMC. Herring (2006, p. 4) reported a tendency for women to be more polite, supportive, emotionally expressive, and less(prenominal) verbose than men in online public forums.Conversely, men are more probably to insult, challenge, express sarcasm, use profanity, and send long messages. Also, Baron (2003) listed some gender differences such as women tend to use more affective markers, more hedges, more politeness markers, and more tag questions. However, men are likely to use more referential language, more profanity, and fewer personal pronouns than women. (p. 9) A study conducted by Li (2006) showed that gender is a considerable factor in the context of mathematics and sciences learning utilize CMC.Concerning gender communication patterns, findings show males students are more likely to present their opin ions and explanations, but less likely to make specific suggestions whereas female students tend to ask for a lot of information, but are less likely to provide explanations or opinions. Also, female students tend to initiate conversations, while male students are more likely to enter the dialogue at subsequently stages and respond to previous discussions. Li (2006) presented a meta analysis for some studies in gender differences in CMC.Her analysis provided answers for three main questions first one, what are gender differences in users communication patterns in CMC? Results show that on average, female users had a significantly higher(prenominal) frequency of collaborative instances using CMC than males. Also, females had a significantly higher frequency of challenging others and were more personal oriented. Males, on the other hand, used more authoritative statements. Second one, to what point do male and female differ in their interaction pattern in CMC?Results indicated that, on average, there was a small but significant gender effect on users participation pattern, male users had a significantly higher frequency of posting messages or having longer access to the Internet than female users, also, male users have better access to CMC environments. trine question, who would enjoy CMC environment, males or females? Results showed that, on average, there was a moderate but significant gender effect on users enjoyment of CMC. Male users enjoyed more CMC environments than their female counterparts.According to Bernard (1998), males tend to dominate group discussions, even when they are in the minority. They even tend to generate more aggressive and often caustic interactions to the extent that they often marginalize female communications to the point of being excluded from the CM interactions. Savicki and Kelley (2000, p. 817) examined whether men and women communicate differently using CMC. They found that gender composition of the groups is the variable st ar that has the strongest relationship to communication style.Results found that women in small task group developed a significantly different style of communication than men did using CMC with other men. They explained that women in female-only groups were able to overcome the limitations of the text-only format of CMC with self-disclosure, use of I statements and through directly addressing their message to other group members. On the other hand, they found that men in male-only groups ignored the sociomotional aspects of group functioning and were more likely to engage in a collective monologue approach to discussion with the assenting of mild flaming.Men in MO groups were less satisfied with the CMC experience and showed lower levels of group development. (p. 817) Herring (2003) (Baron, 2005, p. 15) found that on many-to-many asynchronous CMC mode (listservs and newsgroups), males tended to be more adversarial and to write longer messages than females, whereas females tended to be more supportive in their postings with shorter messages and more apologizes than males.On the other hand on synchronous many-to-many CMC mode (chat and social MUDs and MOOs), males were more aggressive and insulting, whereas female had more aligned and supportive discourse. By studying IM conversations of college students, Baron (2005) concluded that there are significant gender differences in IM conversations. She found that male-male conversations tend to be shorter and have more of a spoken character, while female-female conversations tend to be longer and have more of a written character. Males use more contractions than do females.(p. 14) On the other side, Dalampan (2006) added the context factor or dimension he concluded that males and females language use seems to be influenced more by the context of use than their gender this may be because both males and females in his sample were scholars so they were acting like scholars not as males and females. He also concluded th at despite the claims of previous research that females used more linguistic qualifiers, hedges, and personal pronouns, the associations were not found to be strong.(p. 65) Another study conducted by Abdul Kadir and Din (2006) shows that there are no significant gender differences in CMC learning mode orientation and learning style. (p. 50) At the end, however research findings may appear to be mixed but findings showed that computer-mediated communication (CMC) couldnt eliminate gender differences as expected after all it is another communication environment. These gender differences are somehow similar to gender differences in spoken and written language.Some findings didnt show significant gender differences this could be due to other factors such as the presence of the instructor in the Dalampan (2006) study. Also, findings were different depending on CMC mode either being synchronous/asynchronous or one-to-one/one-to-many.References Abdul Kadir, R. & Din, R. (2006). Computer Me diated Communication A motivational strategy toward diverse learning style. Journal Pendidikan, 31, pp. 41-51. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//pkukmweb.ukm. my/penerbit/jurnal_pdf/jpend31_03. pdf Baron, N. S. (2003). Instant Messaging by American College Students A miscue study in computer-mediated communication. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Baron, N. S. (2005). See You Online Gender issues in college student use of instant messaging. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Bernard, M.L. (1998). Gender Interaction Differences Using Computer-Mediated Communication do-nothing the Internet serve as a status equalizer?. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//psychology. wichita. edu/mbernard/articles/Gender&Internet. html Dalampan, A. E. (2006). Gender Issues in Computer-Mediated Communications. TESL working paper, 4 (2). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//web1. hpu. edu/images/GraduateStudies/TESL_WPS/10Dalampan_Gender_a17241. pdf Hendry, J. (2001).E-gender or Agenda Are women getting what they want?. ANZMAC 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//smib. vuw. ac. nz8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Hendry. pdf Herring, S. C. & Paolillo, I. C. (2006). Gender and Genre Variation in Weblogs. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(4). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http//www. blogninja. com/jslx. pdf Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and Power in Online Communication. In J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (Eds. ), The Handbook of Language and G

Should Juvenile Criminals Be Tried as Adults?

February 1, 2013 English 1250 Argument Essay Should Juveniles be act as Adults? Juveniles argon children who fall under the maturate of eighteen and return connected a crime. Since they are so young it plays a part in the decision of whether they testament placed in a trail that an big bequeath be placed under or not. The age of the person who commits the crime is the reason why juvenile delinquency punishments are less harsh at times then if an adult wouldve committed the same crime. I feel that if a crime is harsh equal than a juvenile should be tried as an adult.Any one and only(a) who commits a crime and breaks the law should be held accountable no consider what the age is. We should all be responsible for our own actions. Many population wonder if trying a juvenile in the same way as an adult will turn by to be a remediate solution to stop crime. I believe if a child is make responsible for his or her actions she will think twice the next time in the beginning he or she reacts. People who commit crimes and then go unpunished for what they did are more than likely to commit another crime or echo the first crime they committed.If children think they canister get away with their actions they will continue to do the same things over and over again. As a vicious justice major I think everyone should pay a price if they decide to break the law. There should be no special treatment no matter what age the defendant is. A crime is a crime no matter where you go or who you are. I manage understand that nigh children who commit crimes a fairly young and people feel like they usurpt have the mental ability to understand what they did because they are so young. Children are taught right from wrong from infancy.We guide our children their whole lives until adulthood. Children are more than capable of understanding right from wrong. The problem is we as parents defend our children because we dont feel like theyre capable of understanding, when the truth is we are merely just handicapping our children. As parents dont underestimate what your child is capable of. These kids hold to know there are consequences for their actions. By us not punishing our children we are just letting them know its ok for them to continue in an fretful matter. We are also teaching them its ok and there will be no consequences.Parents lack to prepare their children for the real world. I stand besotted when I say it is the parents responsibility to teach their children, I couldnt agree more. However, what happens when the parents have done all they can? You can wager your child up to the best of your ability and he or she may still go astray. This is why we cant shield them from the light. Let them know for every action theres a reaction. Educate on what could possibly happen if they commit a crime. By shielding these kids from reality we sterilise it harder on them when they have to enter into society on their own.Its imperative that as a parent we do our jobs moreover this still doesnt suppose that that they will follow in our footsteps. People say a child cant remember what he or she did. I totally disagree. I believe that if a child commits a crime and he has to suffer dire consequences will remember if the consequence is as harsh as the crime. I dont think that kids are too young to remember what they did. I think thats just an excuse. As we keep making excuses for these children they are tearing society apart with their violence.It shouldnt matter the age if you commit an adult crime you should you pay just as an adult would. Get these kids make the streets so the kids who are trying to do something to better themselves can stand a chance. Its ridiculous how kids get away with so much. Everyday its getting worse and the majority of crimes that are being committed are from juveniles but yet we continue to penury to slap them on the wrist with something calorie-free like a curfew. Thats crazy The law is the law and kid s are no exception. They are no different from anybody else.If they choose to act in an adult manner then they should be treated as such. The law is not made to be depressed. This is why we have rules and laws, they are to be followed and if they are broken then whoever has acted in this speckle should pay. Now, in some cases I believe that you can be cut a break. Of course I believe in second chances but not just getting off simply because youre a child. You should pay for your actions no matter the age. The law is not made to flex around your age. Its simply made for the type of crime you commit. If you are old enough to act in a rationale matter then take the consequences.Just because a kid commits a crime doesnt mean that it hasnt been committed. It definitely doesnt mean that the victims family didnt suffer either. What about the victims family they suffer as well. I know that violent crimes receive the harshest punishment for adults but the same guidelines should be carried out for the juveniles as well. Trying them as adults will make them understand the consequences of their actions and second guess committing any future crimes. This may lower the crime rate in society and make us feel a plentifulness safer in our own homes.This could stand as an example and others will learn from their mistakes. A lot of the times kids are following in another peers footsteps or just simply trying to fit in. no matter what the reason or situation is if a crime is committed then you should suffer the consequence. I think the juvenile should be subject to more severe sentencing, including the life sentence. If you take a life than yours should be shouldnt be spared. I dont believe that you should give a child the death sentence but they can definitely spend a life sentence in jail.What good will it do having them out on the streets to commit more crimes. I dont think you should have the benefit of seeing daylight when you have chosen to take a life. You should suffer just as they are. You have no right to take the life of someone so why shouldnt you pay for what you did. A lot of kids commit crimes simply because they know the punishment will be easy. Children have gotten away with so much these days they arent scared of the law anymore. Kids know when they get in trouble they will be detained for a few months or perhaps just a night.Maybe they will be on house arrest where they can still do what they want they just have to do it at their house. The juvenile system is too easy on kids these days. We have almost lost the battle when it comes to teens and crimes. This is why we need to try them harsher as adults so they will get the message we are trying to put out. You have to punish by crime and not age its the only way these kids will learn. In order for society to do better we have to be better at what we do. To allow one person one punishment and another person an alternative for the exact same crime is not fair and highly ridiculous.It dest roys the structure of our society. Juveniles who commit send off should be tried in the same matter as an adult. We also need to keep in mind that kids will be more ordain to that they know they wont have consequences for. Lets not forget the victims or the victims family members who suffer. They deserve justice as well. They have suffered a great lost. As a parent we never want to see our children go astray or perhaps follow the wrong footsteps but they choose to take on that responsibility when they decide to disobey.When they commit a crime they have to be punished and yes if the crime is harsh it should be as an adult. You make your bed hard you lay in it. Just as you make people suffer from your actions you should suffer from them as well. Children are old enough to know right from wrong. They can comprehend that it is against the law to commit a violent act against another person. I feel very strongly that in the United States juveniles with violent felonies should definitel y be tried and treated as adults in the criminal justice system.

Outline the argument supermarket power is a zero -sum game

Outline the argument supermarket power is a goose egg - make sense plot of land BY bluebell Outline the argument that supermarket power Is a zero-sumgame Before we discuss the argument let us understand first what the equipment casualty power and zero-sum mean. Power is a complex term mathematical functiond denote influence, control and domination, (Taylor, et al. 2009,p. 59). The power used by supermarkets includes buying and market power. The big four-spot supermarkets in the U. K. Account for approximately 75% of the food and groceries market therefore giving them significant market power.Their buying power Is the ability they have to perform prices with suppliers and the rage chains thus being able to demand discounts when buying In such(prenominal)(prenominal) large quan chesties. This gives them the ability to influence things such as pricing, for modeling offering goods at downstairs cost prices. The term zero-sum game is used when one partys gain will be anothers los s therefore equaling a zero sum. A good example of this is slicing a pie, if one person takes a large slice there is less for everyone else.The pro supermarket campaigners argue that the supermarkets use their power for good and all parties Involved benefit to some extent creating a positive sum gain but he the following argues to the contrary__ As shoppers they offer us a wide variety of products at affordable prices, in accessible locations. Additionally they offer employment, boosting local skills and helping to draw in other businesses such as restaurants and retailers to sometimes failing local economies but at what cost to others?Do the low prices mean that somewhere down the planning chain person elses profits be being squeezed? Has the out of town retail park been a catalyst In the decomposition of Britains naughty streets? In 2006 retail commentator Judi Bean reported hat the big four operated around 3900 stores with Tests alone taking one pound at the tills for every third we spend. Since then they have continued to grow branching out into the corner shop concept and opening an additional 1500 stores in a bid to take over even more trade.In years gone by our towns would have a variety of independent shops made up of butchers, bakers and fishmongers, but these are in decline and we are now dominated by by big chain stores offering us practically Identical goods at very similar prices. If this Is the suit are they really offering us any hospice at all? Across the country they monopolies towns and areas where tiny local businesses are unable to compete on pricing being forced to shut down.Food writer Joann Blackman, (2005) uses Dundee as an example and recalls that in the sass the town had ten bakers now there are deuce left, five fishmongers with one remaining and eight or nine butchers only one of which has survived and six grocers where again only one has survived.. In their place are four Testes, two Sad, a Morrison and a Kingsbury. In her pollen there Is a distinct correlation amongst the arrival of the gig chains and the demise of the small independents, thus implying a zero-sum game.The supermarkets have an immense buying power and their supply chain stretches across the globe. When dealing with the large conglomerates like Proctor and Gamble, Milliner and come near the balance of power is pretty much even, as their global muscle puts them in a strong position to negotiate. However the farmers, such a well-off position. Small suppliers claim that the supermarkets are continually putting pressure on them, coercing them into prices cuts that push them to the point that there economic livelihood is in doubt.This relationship between the suppliers and supermarkets can be depicted as a David and Goliath affair, with the small independents up against the big multiples Just as the small independent stores on the high street are up against the big chain stores as previously mentioned. With this pressure being applied to suppliers to keep costs down they in publish pass this on to their employees. Here in the I-J we have low paid often migrant workers cutting, sorting and packing vegetables and salads for the big stores.Felicity Lawrence has written about the ontogeny of these workers in her book Not on the Label (2004) and in newspaper investigations. She highlights how agency workers, often from eastern European countries such as Romania, Poland and Bulgaria, are diligent by gang masters to work on farms and in processing and packing plants and are frequently paid hourly rates below the borderline wage, are subjected to illegal deductions and are bussed from Job to Job at their employers will.These people are not directly employed by the supermarkets but, she claims, that they are a state of ware of the practices and uprise a blind eye to it so they can continue to benefit from he situation. Additionally she points out that you will not see any such evidence of this on labels of the packets of salad or bags of chicken pieces which line their shelves. Lawrence implies that we as consumers can indulge in cheap products at the expense of those exploited and often threatened workers.You could therefore infer that the supermarkets are using their power or dominance to control the labor market. For us to gain from the low prices at the checkout someone else must lose out in the case it is the suppliers and their workforce. With this in mind let us look rather field at the workers in such places as Bangladesh. In 2006 and 2007 The War on Want, a U. K. Based non-governmental organization, made accusations against Sad and Tests that they were boosting profits and the expense of the workers in the sweatshops of Bangladesh.They carried out a survey in six large facilities in Dacha, each employing between 500-1200 workers. The results of the survey showed that the worker, of which the majority are female, had been subjected to overcrowding and unhygienic work conditions along wit h forced overtime and verbal intimidation, tit access to trade unions being refused. All the factories surveyed were known to be supplying cheap clothing to the I-J market, specifically Tests and Sad and all were paying wages below that needed to provide for themselves and their family.The pressure applied by the stores on the factory owners to keep costs down means that they have no room to maneuver. The war on want claim that it the absence of a living wage in such places that keep our Jeans, shoes and other clothing at such low prices. Taking all of the above into account we can conclude that although we as nonusers benefit from low pricing and abundance of choice and the supermarkets continue to step-up their profits, there are many within the chain that dont benefit so greatly.We can therefore say that supermarket power is definitely a zero sum game. Word count 1134 Bean, J. (2006) Trolley Wars The Battle of the Supermarkets, London, Profile Books Blackman, J (2005) Shopped T he shocking Power of British Supermarkets, London, Profile Books Lawrence, F (2004) Not on the Label, London, Penguin War on Want (2006), fashion Victims The true cost of cheap clothes at Primary. Sad and Tests, London,

Does Language Determine or Limit Thought? Essay

Life is dissever between things that can buoy make you feel, emotions, and things that make you conceptualize, panoramas.1 Langu advance is the primary way for humans to persuade these feelings of thought and emotion. Language can be any cook of communication that has a specific meaning which is conveyed to some other people.2 With this, we are able to share ideas, friendship, and skills. scarcely can we express these feelings without expression? If so, how can we? If not, thence does talking to fully determine thought and is it the only factor which determines it? This essay will evaluate and answer these knowledge issues to resolve the extent to which quarrel determines or repairs thought.Verbal and written communications are often considered as the main methods to express language. However, facial expressions, eye contact, sign language and many others are also nisuss of language, non-verbal language.3 But many disparate questions arise regarding these other do wor ks of communication. Are there different limits on thought victimization the other forms of communication? Also, are the equal factors that limit thought applied to to a greater extent than wiz form of communication?Written language for instance, can include ambiguity, vagueness, sarcasm, metaphors and irony.4 These are all used to create an piece in conveying the message. An ambiguous sentence can have a number of different meanings, wherefore different people might comprehend the sentence in a different way from others. Does age play a role in how the sentence is comprehended? Will it be understood the same way by a seven yr old as by a 30 year old? These questions often occur when dealing with written language, showing that it can cause limits in thought.On the other hand, these can also apply to verbal language, if the somebody spoke without emotion. However, verbal language can include a variety of different tones, volume, pitch, and pauses, which all affect the way it i s understood. Even privateness can be considered as a language, to display anger towards someone.5 Another example showing sarcasm would be if my father told me that I was a thoughtful son. I might think that I am thoughtful or that I am not. However, do these techniques apply to all people equally? If this was tell to me, I will probably understand the true meaning to the sentence, tho if this was said to my seven year old sister, she would take the literal meaning of this sentence and think she is thoughtful. This proves that to different people and ages, language can limit their thought to a certain extent.It has been proven that language might limit thought to different people at different ages, just now will this apply to deaf and mute people? desensitize people find it difficult to speak and mute people cannot speak at all. Without verbal language, they cannot express their thoughts, so does this mean that their thought is expressage? Their form of communication, mainly s ign language, is also a form of language, partly because it has the word language in its name and partly because a message can be conveyed with this method. 6 It is true that they cannot express most of their feelings without verbal language, only if their thought is not fully limited as they can still use sign language.Therefore, although different forms of communication have different factors that limit thought, some of these factors apply to more than one form of communication, like sarcasm applies to verbal and written. But, even though some forms of communication have the same factors that limit thought, one form might be more effective in conveying the message than others, like how verbal can be spoken with a specific tone to convey sarcasm.There are many ways to communicate to a person and these are all a type of language. Animals do not communicate in words but in different ways. Both humans and animals use a form of communication to express their thoughts. domain can use many forms of communication such as verbal or written but all animals use a different method. For example, dolphins use echolocation clicks to communicate to different dolphins or mention detailed information from the world around them.8 Therefore, we cannot express feelings and convey messages without language as a form of language is carryd to achieve this.Some think language is the main means of thought, as we think with language and communicate using it. This proves that it determines thought as the use of language requires thought and to express these thoughts we require language. The only case where this might not be true is for a sudden reaction. For example, if my father bought my jr. sister a toy, she would instantly hug him. This also applies to instant reactions such as a reflex response when touching a hot stove. This is because we do not think to ourselves that we should move our hand away from it but this happens instantly without the use of language.Supporting this view is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis which states that language determines thought. But it also states that the individuals thought is ascertain by their native language, which changes the way the individual interprets and views the world. If so, can someone learn a new language easier if there are corresponding words in their native language? My mother proved this when article of faith my daughter some English words. By telling the words in our native language Urdu first, then the corresponding word in English, my sister was able to learn the words quicker. However, some thoughts in one language cannot be expressed equally in other languages.

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Snort ashes softw beByCollege signifierProfessorDateAbstractThere has been a battle of supremacy among tech giants for quite a long wholeness company is always trying to offsmart the new(prenominal). Positively speaking we stand say that this has led to umpteen innovations that have come in handy to charter the customers navigations lenient (morris-2014).Looking at it from the customers eye, selection of trustworthy softw be has been a daunting task as most of them are brilliant if not classic. alternative of an operational is quite easy engineering science gurus notwithstanding the posture is different for customers that are drawn to a product just beca engross of peer reference or it popularity. Most of them end up being thwart with their acquired systems after they underperform or demand other requirements to function. It is this battle that has led to specialization of the products in the technology industry, a keen analysis pass on show that some operating system s perform brilliantly in unitary field but fail in another one is good in programing but moderate in its internet speed and vice versa.This research should be an eye ruiner for the operating system customers before they pack bucks to go shopping for an OS they should know the precise features that they privation their OS to have and hence need to do detailed digging to avoid confusion and subsequently frustrations. Well, the most common operating system is windows banking on popularity, but Linux is also catching up. Mac is out of question in this research as it only operates on Apple devices and if one owns the device therefore he has no option but stick to Mac operating system. On that depict, I will be focusing on windows and Linux software in a bid to prove my point clear.The comparisons among these two should clearly show that one is superior to the other I back the Linux system. To add a mint of credibility I will be sourcing for information from trustworthy online si tes and scholarly articles that speak in favor of Linux. This will do away with bias and refund the reader relevant insights. In the fleck section I will be showing that, truly there are benefits of Linux over windows software. In the discussion part I will highlight the requirements to safari Linux, its file system location, instructions to motivate it and give examples of companies that use Linux to prove my point. IntroductionLinux was developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.It is a free open reference book open source operating system that allows users customize their own source code additional to main source code of Linux. It fuck be utilize on any device, smartphone, gaming consoles, e-books and desktops, however, it is mainly utilize as a server because of its openness and easy functionality. A common distribution of linux is the kernel this is the key operating system component and link between a software application and its selective information. Other distributions are downloading tools, system utilities, programs. It also comes in handy when founding or uninstalling updates.The ability of Linux to allow easy data manipulation and have resizable folders, buttons, windows and icons has made a preferred OS over its competitors as web developers use it to train themselves. Its robustness, scalability and flexibility have also made it a primary OS for giant companies (gagne-2014). almost of it outstanding benefits are open source nature, this allows it users to see the codes and make modifications. Community supembrasure system, this enables the user to put on share his problems to the Linux community and solutions be offered without waiting for experts. Reliability, it go acrosss smoothly with no delays and reboot commands. Free to use, the customers can access it freely and even run it without subscriptions.Privacy does not pop out additional tools or make commands for information collection. Best for programming, allows a variety of prog ramming applications like c/c++, python, perl and java to run on the OS.Research MethodsI used internet articles and scholarly reviews to build on my case. I mainly focused on the ones that explained the advantages that Linux has and disadvantages of windows. I also read ones that said the advantages of windows over linux. I aggregated the results of one party one party over the other and also summed the disadvantages of one case over the latter. This is the method I used so as to not look biased. I sourced the installation instructions from Linux and Windows official sites so that to give detailed steps and prove which one was simple to install and run and which had additional requirements for the process to begin.Results I discovered that windows has 13 steps to installation of the main and will require an antivirus before you begin to run the operating system. Windows also has a variety of products that are only fit to certain types of devices depending on the twelvemonth it was manufactured and the storage space on the device. Linux on the other hand has 11 steps that can be downed to 6 and does not need an antivirus installation before it starts running. This feature reduces cost. This proves that Linux is way cheaper and way easy to control than windows. DiscussionThe steps after installation are not essential if you only need the Linux OS to be doing simple tasks like typing and doing calculation (dubey-2016).There also minimal requirements needed to run Linux on your device, they are2GHz dual core processor2GiB system memory25 GB hard drive space, that can constitute a USB stick, memory card on external driveVGA that has 1024 by 768 screen resolutionDVD/ CD or USB port for installer mediaInternet access ( optional)The requirements to install it on your desired servers are also less compared to windowsProcessor should be 300MHz by 86 or above RAM should be 256MiB or above Disk space of 1.5GB or aboveMonitor cable and graphic card of 640 by 480 CD drive System files or log files are located in the directory of the software there are different log files for different applications on the system.The most common files are history files that contain installation and removal information. In the directory you can view it at apt thus history.logOther file destinations in the directory areInstaller, log files created during installationKern.log, kernel information like errors and warningsAlternatives.log, set of history on alternatives set by different packagesXorg.org, details on graphic driver that includes it warnings and failuresApport.log, saves information about number of crashes the OS has experiencedInstructions to install your Linux software are simpleDownload the OS from Ubuntu site, this ensures it is authenticBurn the OS on a CD, memory card or flash diskPartition the computers hard driveInsert your installer to the specific portRestart your device and wait for Linux installation window to appearSelect the language on the BIOS and click installCheck both boxes for preparing to install Ubuntu and continueCheck erase disk and install Ubuntu, click install nowFollow the prompts to set location and time and enter your user informationSelect log in information and restart the computerSelect Ubuntu and put forward enterConclusion War lines were drawn on the technology industry floor when there was emergence of software and the situation tensed further when modifications were being done on the systems.All fronts have diehards and sycophants to vehemently prove their sides stronger but we must all agree that there are specific tasks that on OS performs better than the other it is on this truce that I have proved that Linux has a better understanding of its customer base and it is by far the best as it offers simpler and more efficient tools over its arch rival. It is sad that a companys supremacy is always measured by its net sales and popularity but the judges ignore its suitability and fail to account for the grumbles from the customers.Truth be said, it is this ratings that lead to misleading of more customers. Linux efficiency and supremacy can be proved by giant companies that run on it facebook, Google, Amazon, McDonalds, twitter, IBM, DELL, NASA and even the American submarines (das-2014). This clientele proves the point that Linux has a high level of privacy, is fast, can be modified to feed specific needs, cannot easily crash, is tuppeny and holds a large amount of data. Thumb rule of any manufacturing company should be allow customers attempt the value for their money but meeting their specific needs.What is the need of getting of acquiring an operating system that is not long lasting or one that will need regular updates for it to function? That is how I conclude that Linux is by far much better than Windows operating system.ReferencesLA Morris- 2014Multi-OS (operating system) boot via mobile deviceG Gagne- 2014Operating system conceptsSK Dubey- 2016Implementation of operating system selection using AHP- entropy modelD Das- 2014Performance measurement and management model of data generation and make-up time.